Pros and Cons of NAFTA Essay - 1603 Words

NAFTA is a trade agreement signed by the North American nations of Canada, Mexico and the US. In terms of combined GDP between the countries, it has created the largest trade bloc in the world. The NAFTA is a result of many years of negotiations, starting in 1986 under President Ronald Reagan, and finally signed on the 17th of December in 1992 under President George H. W. Bush. It became fully implemented in 2008 under President Barack Obama. The trade agreement was largely implemented as a result of the growing global trend towards free trade between countries. The economies of these three countries have been interdependent to a degree for a long time. Because of these reasons, the NAFTA has eliminated almost all tariffs between the US,†¦show more content†¦Trade with these two friendly neighboring countries has also helped the US in its alliances, and reduced the US’s economic dependence on unfriendly foreign nations for products that it can get for much lower price s and without tariffs in Mexico and Canada. The NAFTA has dramatically reduced the prices on goods for customers at grocery stores, and the price of oil across the US. The US has increased its agricultural exports to NAFTA countries. In 2010, the US exported $31.4 billion USD of meats, grains, fruits, snacks and fresh vegetables to Canada and Mexico. It has also imported agricultural products worth $29.8 billion from the NAFTA countries. Mexican and Canadian items that are present in our supermarkets have caused the grocery prices to go down. In addition to helping decrease grocery store prices, the NAFTA has also encouraged the US and Canada to import oil from Mexico. Mexico possesses large oil fields, and has been stepping up the export of it for the past 20 years. Having a friendly and oil abundant neighbor to the south has reduced the US’s reliance on oil from Middle Eastern countries and Venezuela, who are often critical of the US. In 2010, the US has imported $116 billion USD in oil from Mexico. As a result, the p rice of oil has gone down steadily with the signing of the NAFTA.Show MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Nafta Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesPros and cons of NAFTA NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, has been getting a lot of not so favorable, and sometimes, controversial headlines in recent years. Some critics blame it for the current labor shortages in the United States, due to the fact that most U.S. companies have been and continue to outsource and ship jobs overseas. However, its proponents have been hailing it as a great success in helping lowering national prices on certain manufactured goods and services andRead MorePros And Cons Of Tariffs1127 Words   |  5 Pages Pros and Cons of Tariffs Principles of Macroeconomics Columbia Southern University BBA-2401 Angelo Jones Managing the how goods and services enter or leave this country (import/export) is an important process that allows for us to control the economic status of our nation. Sometimes imposing tariffs on the goods imported balances our labor cost, resources and government supported industry. A tariff by definition is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of importsRead MoreBussiness Qa Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagespractice. Outsourcing offshore can allow companies to tap into foreign markets and expand their businesses. 6. Outline the potential pros and cons of the 3 key strategies for developing foreign markets: exporting, licensing and franchising, and direct investment. Exporting |Pros: |Cons: | | | Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Tariffs Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesPresenting the Pros and Cons of Tariffs An important part of managing the economic status of a nation is to manage the methods in which goods and services are imported and exported into and out of the country. Because of differing resources, labor costs, and government support of industry, fiscal policy sometimes includes placing a tariff on imported goods in an attempt to level the economic playing field. â€Å"Tariff† comes originally from the Arabic word ta’rifah meaning â€Å"to make known.† In a moreRead MoreEssay on North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA1710 Words   |  7 PagesNAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) began on January 1, 1994, and is one of the United States’ most significant regional trade agreements. The final provisions of the NAFTA were fully implemented on January 1, 2008. With full implementation, the last remaining trade restriction on a handful of agricultural commodities such as U.S. exports to Mexico of corn, dry edible beans, nonfat dry milk and high fructose corn syrupRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement1711 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss four components of the North American Free Trade Agreement: Background, events, pros and cons. Upon the research, you will discover four online articles to provide more detail and examples. This research will indicate how it was developed and the reasoning on why it would benefit the nation. Also, it will provide events that occur after the agreement was signed by congress and the recession the countries experience during the early 2000s. There will be a chart locatedRead MoreNorth American Free Trade Agreement981 Words   |  4 Pagesbetter known as, â€Å"NAFTA†. The use of NAFTA is in America’s best interest because, it benefits U.S. jobs, improves trade relations, promoted specialization of trade. Jobs in the United States thrived with the application of NAFTA. Millions of new jobs were created as trade became easier between the countries of North America. In an article titled, â€Å"North American Free Trade Agreement†, author Carol Wise speaks of the impact this agreement has made on each country involved in NAFTA. It has been provenRead MoreThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership1284 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which entered into force on 1 January, 1994 was signed by the United States, Canada and Mexico. This treaty is to eliminate barriers of tariff in agriculture, manufacturing and service and eliminate investment restrictions. It also protects intellectual property rights and promotes the rate of economic growth of Mexico. However, there was many oppositions when America entered into NAFTA. The most obviously reason is that a lot of workersRead MoreEssay about NAFTA1048 Words   |  5 PagesOn January 1st, 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement, commonly referred to as NAFTA, went into effect after years of contentious battle and debate amongst those drafting it and viewing it from afar. In fact, it took three U.S. Presidents to finally complete the deal: Reagan, Bush Sr., and ultimately, Clinton. Those who opposed it warned of vanishing industries, skyrocketing unemployment, and of unfair consequences to those that were less educat ed. Ross Perot famously stated, â€Å" giant suckingRead MoreThe Main Goals Of Free Trade Agreements1186 Words   |  5 PagesAgreement or NAFTA. Organized in 1994, the agreement included the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The agreement called for many tariffs to be taken off products between the nations, allowing trade between the countries to become easier (International). NAFTA also increased the number of exports traded between the three nations. Goods traded in 2008 were calculated to be almost worth 1 trillion dollars (Murphy). Agricultural items were, and still are, the biggest trading product under NAFTA. America

Television and Media - Seinfeld, Much Ado About Nothing...

Seinfeld – Much Ado About Nothing We like to label things in our culture. Those over the age of 65 are called senior citizens. Those under the age of 18 are called children. Anyone falling in between those ages are considered adults and there are certain expectations placed on that demographic. Adults are the backbone of society, responsible for basically just about everything. Television reflects that responsibility, as adults are usually portrayed as hard-working, career-oriented, and often married and raising children. With television reinforcing these expectations, many young people have probably felt that they need to grow into these roles and become responsible adults. A decade ago, however, NBC’s sitcom Seinfeld debuted†¦show more content†¦For the most part, they showed little interest in following the pack and doing what was expected of them. For Jerry and the gang, the idea of getting married and having children was almost preposterous. To engage in that level of responsibility woul d seriously hinder the sense of personal freedom these characters enjoyed. The fact that these characters were, for the most part, happy with their lives and situations is important. Their contentment shows viewers that there is life outside of marriage and career, and it doesn’t have to be empty. I think this is especially important for younger viewers, such as teens and college students. Young adults are inundated with societal expectations through their teachers and parents (as well as television and other media), and may feel they have to achieve certain things in order to be considered successful. When we look at the number of adults who suffer from depression due to work related stress, marriage problems, and divorce, it seems evident that many, many adults are unhappy with their lives. It does not therefore, seem outlandish to ponder that perhaps the reason so many people are unfulfilled is because they felt they had to live a certain life in order to meet the ex pectations of others. All issues of entertainment aside, Seinfeld was important because it offered impressionable viewers an alternative to a life that may not be suited for them at all. The characters of

Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business Free Essays

Braiding is more than a hairstyle – it’s a cultural tradition that cuts across racial, social, economic, and geographic lines. Hair Braiding in Africa Ancient African hair braiding patterns reveal a variety of complex geometrical designs, which often pointed to characteristics of the wearer. Identity Status Religion Age Ethnicity kinship Hair Braiding in Egypt In ancient Egypt, braiding was reserved for royalty and for ceremonial rituals like weddings. We will write a custom essay sample on Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hair Braiding in America Historically, most Native American women and children wore braids to signify things: Whether a woman was married or unmarried women was based on the braids she wore. Braiding was also performed for religious rituals. Native American men wore braids with feathers, fur, leather, or beads to prepare for war. Hair Braiding in Europe According to Medieval and Renaissance artwork, upper-class women were revealed by elaborate braids and styles. Simpler braids were often chosen by common women for functional purposes – to keep hair cleaner between baths and to keep hair out of the way while cooking, cleaning, and performing other daily chores. The Braid Breakdown There are hundreds of different types of braids, including French braids, English braids, Dutch braids, Swiss braids, multi-strand braids, crown braids, etc. – all of them â€Å"twists† on the traditional style. Currently, 11 states have imposed a specialized license for hair braiders, and seven states require braiders to obtain a full cosmetology license. Ten states specifically exempt hair braiders from cosmetology licensing laws, and in the other 22 states, the law remains silent on the issue. We loved when Dorothy brought her braid to Oz, but no movie has made braids more famous than â€Å"Return of the Jedi† did. Who could resist Princess Leia’s many braided do’s? When your hair is divided into even rectangular or triangular sections all over your head, with the hair in each section twisted together and wound into a protruding knot, the style is known as African knots or Zulu knots in the U. S. In Africa, however, the style is called â€Å"chicken poop. † In the 2005 playoffs, NBA forward Vladimir Radmanovic made more headlines for his hair than for his performance on the court. His reason for going braided? He just wanted to get the hair out of his eyes. According to South African research published in the British Journal of Dermatology in 2007, tight hair braiding, especially when combined with hair-straightening chemicals, can lead to permanent bald patches and severe acne on the scalp. Yikes! In 2010, a 4-year-old was suspended from pre-K in his suburban Dallas school district because his hair was too long. The school board’s compromise that he could braid his hair and pin it up? REJECTED. |Hair braiding is an ancient art, practiced by the Ancient Egyptians as long ago as 4000 BC. |[pic] | |Today it has become a â€Å"hot â€Å" fashion trend with many styles, weaves and colorful ornamental | | |beads. Not only women but also men have embraced this beautiful art, creating color and style | | |beyond our ancestors wildest dreams. | | | | | |How and where did braiding begin? Hair braiding, as we know it today has its origins in West | | |Africa. The different and often complex designs signify the social status, age group and village| | |a girl has come from. The braid patterns are made up of different geometrical patterns and can | | |become quite complex for special occasions, such as marriages. | | | | | |Braiding is traditionally a social art. Because of the time it takes to braid hair the women | | |took time to socialize while braiding and having their hair done. It begins with the elders | | |making simple knots and braids for younger children. Older children watch and learn from them, | | |start practicing on younger girls and eventually learn the traditional designs. Here in America | | |you see mothers and grandmothers braiding and putting colorful beads in little children’s hair. | |This carries on a the tradition of bonding between elders and the new generation. | | | | | |The difference between ancient and modern braiding: Nowadays, as well as the colorful beads and | | |intricate designs of our ancestors, hair weaving has become part of the traditional braiding | | |technique. This opens the door to a whole new assortment of styles and looks. The Hip Hop | | |industry has taken hair braiding and weaving to a whole new level of popularity and style, | | |allowing people from all walks of life to enjoy creating a fashion statement with hair braids | | |and weaves. Hair weaves range from real hair to a vast array of different colors and textures | | |made from synthetic hair. The traditional beads are also being developed into all sorts of | | |shapes and sizes. | | | | | |Hair Care for Braiding and Hair Weaving | | |When you decide to braid your hair or use hair weaves, your hair needs to be in good condition, | | |or you will experience breakage and damage. Your hair should have elasticity. This is a natural | | |condition of hair fibers and will be present in all hair that has not been chemically treated. | | |If you have used relaxers, bleaching, or perms, | | |these chemicals make your hair dry and brittle, it is very important to use good conditioners on| | |a regular basis to restore your hair’s natural elasticity. Be sure to discuss this with your | | |stylist, so that you can enjoy braiding styles without damaging your hair. | | | | | |Hair braiding and weaving can be quite costly, so it is essential to go to stylists who are | | |experienced and knowledgeable. Make an appointment with your stylist for a consultation, before | | |you have your hair done. | |Discuss what style is best for you, the cost and how to maintain your hair braids or weave. | | |Proper care of your hair when braiding and using hair weaves will prevent damage to your hair | | |and scalp. Hair braiding is one of the most versatile ways to style your hair and truly make | | |yourself unique, with this beautiful and ancient art form. | | [pic][pic] [pic] How to cite Merger and Acquisition a Survival Strategy in Business, Essay examples

Performance Related Pay free essay sample

The Value of HRM to Business -Performance Related Pay Word Count: 2942 Table of Content 1Introduction3 2Literature Review4 3Case Study8 3. 1Case 1-Performance Related Pay: What Makes a Successful Scheme? 8 3. 2Case 2 Performance related pay: a case study of a small business. 10 4Analysis12 5Conclusion17 Reference18 Introduction Human capital plays a vital role in providing the organisation with a valuable competitive advantage; in addition a reward and pay system concerning the employment relationship, is often viewed as a key method in obtaining maximum human capital, and thus a central part of managing a business. A reward and pay system that ensures employees’ contributions to the organisation is measured by both financial and non-financial mean (Armstrong, 2007). Since it is crucial to the success of a business, selecting the most correct and appropriate reward scheme seems a part and parcel of attracting and in order to retain employees and survive in an environment with ever so fierce competition. In fact, there are numbers of reward systems, such as skill based pay and profit related pay. In this essay, we aim at mainly evaluating and analysing the value of performance related pay (PRP) in organisations. Literature Review From the early 1980’s, PRP rapidly developed as a motivator and way to create performance-oriented cultures, and became a popular pay scheme in organisations (Armstrong, 2002). And because of the horizontal trend of the organisations’ structure there will be less opportunity to motivate employees through promotion and then pay for reward system occupied an important role as a motivator (Conyon et al. 2001). Based on the IPD (1999)’s survey, approximately75% of respondents felt PRP had a positive impact on both individual and organisational performance. PRP is a method of reward, where the employees can receive an increase in remuneration wholly, or partly, through the individual performance assessment (ACAS, 1996:8). It serves as a kind of financial incentive to motivate employees to work harder, perform at their optimum level in light of creating higher productivity. There are many definitions for PRP. Mabey and Salaman (1997:211) puts it as an organisation that achieve its objectives through clear internal communications that is related to performance to the employees, constantly checking their objectives and to reward employees that perform well and made positive contribution to the organisation’s objectives. The definition highlights PRP’s functioning features. PRP is used by a company in order to able to recruit and retain suitable employees that fit into the company’s culture as well as indirectly inform underperforming employee to either perform better or leave. In addition, it is used to promote the company’s value such as performance driven, cost conscious and adaptable. This is done through making individuals committed and ensuring they understand and fully aware of company’s objective and business plan. The assumption of PRP is that individuals are money driven thus if they receive more pay, they will perform better (Kessler and Purcell, 1993; Armstrong, 2002). Silva (1998) defines that the providing of rewards and incentives to enhance organisational performance by improved individual performance as a broad objective of PRP. It links the employee’s economic returns with the individual, team and organisation’s performance. PRP is a rewards system that can increase employees’ performance, productivity, efforts and earnings (Lazear 2000; Paarsch and Shearer 2000; Parent 1999). According to the American establishment studies, PRP has a positive correlation with the high earnings (Booth and Frank, 1999). People who work for organisations with the PRP system in place are normally higher paid. Furthermore Mitchell et al (1990) found that employees who work these organisations have the opportunity to earn 11% more than those not. Weitzman and Kruse (1990) point out that linking pay to performance, may result in an increase of productivity, adversely it may be unpopular, because of the variable pay rates. PRP assists organisations to encourage employees to give greater effort, as well as serves the purpose of attracting employees with a greater skill and higher drive to achieve (Booth and Frank, 1999). It has an effect on recruitment and retention of staff, as it provides an opportunity for people to receive additional income. Little (1991) believes that pay links cause and effect, therefore employees of PRP systems become committed to the organisation and improve their performance in order to be paid more. However, theory X and theory Y regarding the motivation indicate that the real motivator for the employee is the actual work itself (Fuller-Love, 1997). Moreover, Armstrong (2002) believes that remuneration is not the only motivator, or even an effective motivator. PRP links the individual, team and organisation’s performance together. The company sets targets for employees based on its overall objectives. However, PRP encourages employees to focus on their own objective. They seek their short-term fulfilment in order to gain supplementary pay, thus the organisations long-term objective will land up being ignored (Armstrong and Baron, 1998). Performance assessment plays an important role in PRP. Armstrong (2002) said: â€Å"Organisations cannot pay for performance unless they can actually measure it†. Assessing the individual’s performance fairly, objectively and consistently is a complicated task (Armstrong and Baron, 1998). For the majority of jobs, it is difficult to find a detailed and systemic standard in which to measure with. Furthermore a supervisor’s own attitude may cause unfair assessment and even discrimination (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2002). Hanley and Nguyen (2005) suggest that the company could implement frequent appraisals to solve this problem; however the other point is that this will cost the company more money (Booth and Frank, 1999) Setting clear and specific objectives is a complex task, since every job is different; and PRP puts a great deal more pressure on line managers (Armstrong, 2002) who spend much time and effort on setting these objectives, receiving feedback and assessing performance. PRP also presents a negative effect on team work. In this type of scheme, performance becomes a key factor to assess an employee; therefore some might simply focus on their own performance or even sacrifice team spirit in order to obtain higher individual rewards (Salaman et al, 2006). Moreover DeCkop (1999) points out that PRP could weaken the spirit of cohesion and cooperation, because it is a kind of competitive reward method. Case Study Case 1-Performance Related Pay: What Makes a Successful Scheme? The first case is researched by Aisling Kelly and Kathy Monks who conducted questionnaires on 107 managers who work in a multi-divisional company in Ireland, in order to understand their attitudes after the introduction of PRP to the company. According to the research, PRP is a highly welcomed scheme for this company ith 97% of managers agreeing that it is a good system, and 74% believing that it is also fair. From the data and the interview, we can observe that most of the managers are of the opinion that PRP has a positive effect on both the individual’s and organisation’s performance, with 75% of managers believing that PRP creates a general performance improvement. As well as this, the research also indicates a tie between communication and perform ance. The PRP system requires more frequent communication between the supervisor and the employee in order to discuss the particular objectives. These objectives provide a clear description allowing the employees to fully understand their work. This case also reveals that employees who are clear about their work’s goals and the value of the company will possess a greater desire to accept PRP. And it can be observed that these employees were all clear about the company’s plan and performance. The managers ranked four main disadvantages of PRP, however. The first is that it is complicated to measure individual performance objectively. Even though 87% of the managers are of the opinion that their work objectives are clear and specific, the performance is still difficult to measure, since this information is simply not adequate enough for evaluating the performance. Second, the interaction concerning the feedback with supervisor is lacking. The third drawback is the PRP system’s over-emphasis on the short-term objectives. PRP encourages employees to focus on the short-term performance, which ultimately results in the neglect of the long-term objectives.

Tv And Children Essays - Dispute Resolution, Crime, Criminology

Tv And Children Television Violence and Children Thanks to the miracle of television the average American child watches 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school (Early Concerns 113). Television violence is responsible for the increase in childhood violence. Watching violence is a popular form of entertainment, and watching it on television is the number one way that children are exposed to violence. Local news shows provide extensive converage of violent crimes in order to increase their ratings (Felson 96). Violence usually refers to physical aggression and aggression is usually defined as any behavior involving intent to harm another person (Sege 34). Television is a central feature of contemporary American life. American children spend more time watching television than they do in school. In 1989, the average child in the United States spent more time watching television than performing any other activity, except sleeping. In 1989 The Nielson Report on Television commented that children age 2 to 5 viewed approximately 27 hours of television per week. Children 6 to 11 years of age viewed more than 23 hours of television per week, and adolescents between 12 to 17 years of age viewed 22 hours of television per week (Sege 32). During the past several decades, violent programs have been steadily increasing in numbers on television screens. Many believe that there could be the possibility that a direct relationship exists between the violence witnessed on television and the increasingly violent behavior of children and adolescents (Palermo 23). Coming at a time when the homicide rate is rising six times faster than the population it is theorized that television violence does cause actual violence (Early Concerns 114). The year 1992 set an all-time record for violence in childrens shows, with an average of 32 violent acts per hour. The nightly dose of splattering blood, rapes, car wrecks and screaming victims on television has tripled in the last decade (Johnson 18). Only on television is there violence without pain. Sometimes, television violence is even supposed to be funny, but grownups know, or are supposed to know, that real violence causes lots of pain and sadness. A young gunshot victim is brought into an emergency room and he astonished his Doctors. He expressed surprise that his wound actually hurt. His Doctors first thought, Boy! This boy is really stupid. But it dawned on the Doctors that what the sees on television is that when the superhero gets shot in the arm, he uses that arm to hold onto a truck going 85 miles an hour around a corner. He overcomes the driver and shoots a couple of hundred people while he is at it. (Early Concerns 112) Another example of violence in childrens television is seen in the cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. This cartoon causes confusion between fantasy and reality. Several children really do think it is okay to use physical violence with other children because the Turtles do and the Turtles are the good guys (Early Concerns 115). Childrens cartoons are among the most violent shows on television, often exceeding 24 acts of violence per hour and earning high violence ratings from The National Coalition on Television Violence. Researchers say childrens aggressiveness increases measurably after viewing the cartoon violence of Bugs Bunny, Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker, which are rated as very high violence with 55 or more acts of violence per episode. (Early Concerns 113). Just as children learn things from their older brothers and sisters, they also learn from their television heroes- even bad things. Some children who watch lots of violence on television learn to fight more and others learn to become victims. Many children learn that violence is fun to watch, even in real life. These kids encourage their friends to fight. When television characters use violence to solve their problems, then some children believe that it is okay then to use violence to solve problems that they might be having. As parents we want our children to solve their problems without fighting (Sege 33-35). Violence is a diverse problem and it is necessary to address it as such. There is no doubt that excessive and extended exposure to television violence may promote violence in some children. Television promotes violence because it

Oberon and Titania Character Analysis

Oberon and Titania Character Analysis The Oberon and Titania characters play an essential role in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Here, we take an in-depth look at each  character so we can better understand what makes them tick as a couple. Oberon Oberon is angry with Titania as she is spending all her time with a changeling boy and will not give him over to Oberon to be used as a henchman. He could be considered to be quite spiteful in exacting his revenge upon her: â€Å"Well, go thy way. Thou shalt not from this grove/Till I torment thee for this injury† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line 146-147). Titania accuses Oberon of being jealous: â€Å"These are the forgeries of jealousy† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line 81). Oberon is powerful but Titania appears to be just as headstrong, and they seem equally matched. We know they have had a good relationship up until now, as he and Titania would â€Å"dance our ringlets to the whistling wind† (Act 2 Scene 1 Line 86). Oberon asks Puck to get the juice from a herb he once showed him and anoint the eyes of Titania with it so that she falls in love with something ridiculous. Oberon is angry with his queen for disobeying him and exacts a kind of revenge, but it is quite harmless and humorous in its intent. He loves her and wants to have her all to himself again. Consequently, Titania falls in love with Bottom with an Ass’ head stuck on his. Oberon eventually feels guilty about this and reverses the magic which demonstrates his mercy: â€Å"Her dotage now I do begin to pity† (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 46). Oberon also shows compassion when he sees Helena being scorned by Demetrius and orders Puck to anoint his eyes with the potion so that Helena can be loved: â€Å"A sweet Athenian lady is in loveWith a disdainful youth: anoint his eyes;But do it when the next thing he espiesMay be the lady: thou shalt know the manBy the Athenian garments he hath on.Effect it with some care, that he may proveMore fond of her than she upon her love† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line261-266).​ Unfortunately, Puck gets things wrong, but Oberon’s intentions are good, and he is ultimately responsible for everyone’s happiness at the end of the play. Titania Titania is principled and strong enough to stand up to her husband (in a similar way to Hermia standing up to Egeus). She has made a promise to look after the little Indian boy and doesn’t want to break it: â€Å"Not for thy fairy kingdom. Fairies away!/We shall chide downright, if I longer stay† (Act 1 Scene 2, Line 144-145). Unfortunately, Titania is made to look foolish by her jealous husband and is made to fall in love with the ridiculous Bottom with an ass’ head: â€Å"Thou art wise as thou art beautiful† (Act 3 Scene 1, Line 140). She is very attentive to Bottom and proves herself to be a kind and forgiving lover: Be kind and courteous to this gentleman.Hop in his walks and gambol in his eyes;Feed him with apricots and dewberries,With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries;The honeybags steal from the humble-bees,And for night tapers crop their waxen thighsAnd light them at the fiery glow-worms eyesTo have my love to bed, and to arise;And pluck the wings from painted butterfliesTo fan moonbeams from his sleeping eyes.Nod to him, elves and do him courtesies (Act 3 Scene 1, Line 156-166). As Titania is intoxicated with the love potion, she gives the changeling boy to Oberon, and he gets his way. He then takes pity on her and undoes the magic. Together Oberon and Titania are the only couple in the play who have been married for a while. The other couples are just starting with all the passion and excitement a new relationship brings. Oberon and Titania represent an older, more weathered relationship. They have possibly taken each other for granted and when the love potion is removed, and Titania realizes that she has been doting and fawning over an ass, she is made to realize that, perhaps, she has neglected her husband somewhat and this will renew their passion: â€Å"Now thou and I are new in amity† (Act 4 Scene 1, Line 86).

Human Race Past and Future in Anthropology Essay

Human Race Past and Future in Anthropology - Essay Example Agriculture means man’s interference in animal and plant reproduction as well as the distribution system-reaching peak in ecologically simplified and genetically susceptible monoculture. Dependency on few cultivated and domesticated plants decrease dependability on wild resources. The dependency makes it necessary for the society to maintain food producing economy and transformation of conventional base of society or even change of the physical environment. Change in dependency of cultivated food makes increases impossibility of returning to the gathering economy; thus, village farming communities resulted in cities and eventually countries hence attributes of civilization are firmly established and with uninterrupted material progress (Khatry 20). Therefore, agriculture was never an idea of an individual or group of individuals it developed in various ways in different parts of the world. Some of the consequences are far-reaching and similar to all people everywhere. The vari ous consequences of food production include increased carrying capacity of land, growth of sedentary society, transformation of social structure, specialization in craft and rise of civilization. Thus, whatever is visible in the modern civilization is a product of man’s shift to agriculture; moreover, not all consequences are favorable to human society. Agriculture brought a lot of pressure, chain of problems and deficiencies for man to handle particularly when the production of food moved beyond the incipient level. The significant consequences resulting from food production include increase of numbers and density of human population, the rise of political organization, conflicts and exchange, human health and biology and impact on physical environment (Haviland 300). The shift to food production though not a planned event, it has not been able to handle some of the problems it creates. While gatherers still live above starvation with less effort to procure food, agriculture struggles to feed the population despite utilization of technology. Agriculture cause damage to natural vegetation since it kills plants by use of biochemical elements. Therefore, civilization together with technology, state government increased problems in man’s life. Since narrowing of food resources to few plants and animals man’s healthy condition deteriorated (Khatry 22-23). Q2 The future of human race has been a point of concern to writers for centuries with some arguing the human race is destined to evolve into super-beings, while other writers argue that human beings are changing into goblins incapable of nothing more demanding. Nevertheless, leading geneticists believe that these observations are wrong since human evolution has halted. According to Jones, a professor at University College London believes that the forces driving evolution like natural selection and gene

History of the camera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the camera - Essay Example Nevertheless the photographic technology does not stand still, and over time people have learned how to stop the moment by invention of more convenient in use and less bulky camera. Through a variety of research projects, scientists moved to our contemporary – the portable camera, which bears little resemblance to its historical brother. The innovation has stepped so far ahead that the camera skillfully built into the phone can be found in the pocket of almost every person. In our research project, we review the features of the innovative technologies and the use of different techniques for improvement of prototype camera, having studied the history from the invention of the camera to its modern digital similar. The first notes and ideas about the reflection of objects are rooted in ancient times of China and Greece with the continuation in the 11th century experimental work of Arab scientist Ibn al-Haytamnd. These notions are about the first pinhole camera (or the camera obscura) that is able only reflect an image with its next observation or tracery by hand [Fig.1]. Then Frenchman Joseph Nicephore Niepce enters the timeline of cameras. â€Å"The first experimenter who puts a camera obscura together with permanent images made by light – who both captures and saves an image – is where the real story of camera begins† [4]. He invents the one with a lens and a sliding tube which looks like a box of illusionist and really creates miracles – Niepce has received his first photo in 1826. It is the first time a picture is made by the machine not by an artist; it is the birth of photo. Alas, the authors name is undeservedly forgotten as according to the world encyclopedi as Daguerre is considered to be a pioneer of photography. â€Å"Jacques Daguerre, another Frenchman, developed a process that used copper plates to record an image, and daguerreotypes quickly became the preferred photographic medium for portraits and other subjects† [2].

Portfolio risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portfolio risk management - Assignment Example In this relation the overall comparison of the risk and return from the different investment alternatives that comprise of real estate investment and portfolio without real estate investment and correlating the same with the current weighing of investment certain result has been derived. In this relation, making the portfolio of investment through 10% investment in real estate along with 41% in SCS and 49% in LTGB is regarded to be highly efficient investment alternative or portfolio, as the relative return of such portfolio is 2.61 and risk is 4.50. Moreover, the overall analysis reveals the fact that different portfolio provides different risk and return scenario but investing the RE with relative weighting of 0.10 in RE, 0.41 in SCS and 0.49 in LTGB will provide relative lower amount of risk and higher return over the similar risk category. This is why the particular portfolio has been mentioned. Portfolio is an important concept of financial management, which refers to the combination of various investment tools including stocks, bonds, shares, mutual funds, and cash that varies based on the income, budget and period of the investor (Reilly & Brown, 2011). Additionally, the art of selection of appropriate investment approach in terms of minimal amount of risk along with maximum return is regarded as the approach of portfolio management. Moreover, the key importance of portfolio management is to derive superior investment plan for the investors. Furthermore, managing the entire budget of investor based on the different alternative will enable them to minimize the risk in comparison to investing the fund in single investment proposal and increase the likelihood of profitability. In relation to the portfolio theory, it has been assumed that investor is risk adverse and they like to select the investment proposal from the given set of investments with equal rate of return havin g minimal amount of risk. The ability to combine and form the investment based on

Impact of Slope Incline on Cart Roll

Impact of Slope Incline on Cart Roll Parth Mahajan Acceleration Cart The Aim of this practical report is to roll a car on a slope of 15 °, 30 °, 45 °. The Results then used to make a Ticker-tape graph, Displacement-time graphs, and Velocity-Time graphs with the results that have been obtained. This will show the effects on the cart and how the different aspects of the cart can be effected, (such as the Velocity of the cart, Displacement of the cart and the acceleration of the cart.) Ticker-timers will help analyze the carts motion as the dots on the ticker tape can tell various things which include: The displacement of the cart, the time taken for its total journey, the acceleration of the cart and the velocity of the cart. The Incline plane is a tilted surface which an object (in this case a cart) will slide down. The angle of the incline plane is measured from the horizontal surface to the plank used for the cart to roll down. The Greater the incline of the plank results to a greater acceleration while the smaller the incline of the plank will lead to a smaller acceleration. If friction is deduced then at least 2 forces are acted upon an object to move the object, the force of gravity and the normal force. The force of gravity The force of gravity is also known as the weight acts in a downward direction.The normal force The normal force acts in a direction perpendicular to the surface. Galileo had put this to the test and conducted appointment with the inclined planes. After he had completed the prac several times he had observed that the amount of time it took for the ball to roll down the entire length of the ramp equal to double the amount of time it took for the same ball to only roll a quarter of the distance. He had concluded with: If an object is released from rest and gains speed at a steady rate, then the total distance travelled by the object is proportional to the time squared needed for that travel. Ticker Timer, Power Pack, Wires (2), G clamp. Paper Tape, Sticky Tape Wooden Ramp Trolley Find a place to put the wooden ramp. Secure the Ticker timer with a G-clamp to the wooden ramp. Connect the ticker timer to the power pack. (Make sure you connect to the AC ports and have your volts set to 12V) Get some ticker tape, 60 cm should be enough, and attach it to your cart with some tape. Thread the tape through the ticker timer, making sure the tape goes under the carbon paper and not over. Turn the power bank on, which should turn the ticker timer on and let go of the cart. Make sure someone is there to catch the cart or it could damage the cart. Remove the tape from the cart and you should have a ticker tape with multiple blue dots. Do this for each group member Repeat the process for different angles You should do for angles 15 °, 30 ° and 45 °. 15 ° Incline The ticker tape for the cart going down a 15 ° incline has the least space between the dots out of the 3 inclines tested. This is because the acceleration on the 15 ° incline is the least. As the acceleration is the least this means that the velocity would be the smallest at a given time out of the 3 inclines. The shape of the displacement-time graph shows that the cart is accelerating, this can be seen as the graphs gradient is increasing. For the Ticker-Tape Graph, there is a constant increase in the gradient showing that the cart is accelerating at a constant acceleration. Lastly the Velocity-Time Graph the line is mostly the same gradient showing that there is a constant acceleration. 30 ° Incline The ticker tape for the cart going down 30 ° incline has averagely sized spaces between the dot out of the 3 different inclines tested. The shape of the displacement-time graph is like the 15 ° incline graph but this graph picks has a greater gradient in the end and reaches a higher velocity, this is because since the incline is greater than it means there will be more acceleration. For the Ticker-timer graph the spaces between the different parts of the tapes are similar meaning that the gradient is constant. This is the same for Velocity-Time graph, as the gradient varies a little bit but is mainly constant. 45 ° Incline The ticker tape for the cart going down a 45 ° has the most space meaning that this cart was travelling the fastest out of all the three carts. The shape of the Displacement-Time Graph for the 45 ° incline has the biggest gradient out of the three meaning that it had reached the highest velocity out of the three. The shape of the Ticker-Timer is having a steady increase in the velocity meaning it had constant acceleration. This can be seen in the Velocity-Time Graph. The Gradient of the Displacement-time graph shown the velocity of the cart, since the line is a curved line to find the gradient tangent would need to be calculated to find the instantaneous velocity. The gradient of a Velocity-Time graph shows the acceleration of the cart.       When all 9 graphs are compared, it can be seen that the greater the incline means the create the velocity reached and the greater the acceleration of the cart. The results for this prac can vary within the classroom as of human error, the angles measured werent 100% accurate meaning that there could be variations for the angles which leads to variations of the speed reached by the carts. This Prac had been completed successfully and without any major errors. It was learnt that in an Incline is plane is a tilted surface which an object will slide down, it was also learnt that the angle of the incline is measured from the horizontal surface to the planked used.   Galileo had put this to the test and conducted various experiments using the incline plane. Improvements that could be made are that the measuring of the angle could greatly be more accurate as the protractors used for the prac were just rough estimates for the angle.

Education Fiesta :: Technology Internet Technological Essays

Education Fiesta In Today’s competitive society, we all strive for the ideal occupation, and the best learning skills. Technology is a prevalent tool for us, and the Internet especially has helped bring about efficiency. Distance education is not something that I have personally experienced, but through various information sources, I now am fully aware of what online education is all about. To put my research into play I chose to narrate a scenario in which the authors of the sources I used came to my house for a dinner party. Then I provided my own ideas in an analysis of the facts that these authors presented. I tied it up with a personal reflection of everything that I learned. My dining room table pushed against the wall, buffet style, with steaming chaffing dishes, a basket of assorted fresh baked breads, a caddy filled with festive cutlery, pretty napkins laid out in a crescent shaped pattern, and various plates and bowls with the evenings fixings, anxiously I awaited my five guests of honor for tonight’s dinner: Pam Dixon, Emily Weiner, Marcia Williams, Kenneth Paprock, and Barbara Covington; all experts on the topic and field of distance education. They were to arrive at seven o’ clock, which was in ten minutes. I meticulously set up a table of beverages, and a bucket of ice. I also invited a few of my own friends and family members who were interested and about the subject, and wanted more information about online learning. My mother, who is considering finishing up her degree online, my aunt and uncle who are both in the field of computer technology and programming, my neighbor who is also doing research for school on online lea rning, and my friend Lauren who had just decided to come for the discussion, information and appetizing meal. I finished up some last minute preparation work, as the arrival time of my guests got closer. Distance learning is an alternative method of education in our society, which values time and convenience. Online learning, although not a tangible way to attend a university, allows those with families, people with busy lives, those with jobs, those with physical disabilities, and those who do not have access to universities or the right classes to learn the r skills they need, and attain the right degree, in order to work in our field of choice.

Marketing Product Failure Research

Kelvinator which ruled Indian refrigerator industry but it lost its place because it fell into a cobweb of ownership issues. Whirlpool did not invest in Kelvinator since it had the rights to the brand only till 1997. So during these years, Whirlpool harvested Kelvinator while developing its own brand. When the brand came back to its original owner, Electrolux did not had the money to build this baby. In 2005, Kelvinator was killed. One brand which failed only due to wrong marketing strategy is Liril.When the brand was launched the Liril girl became the talk of the town. Liril was positioned on the freshness platform right from its birth. The girl and the waterfall with the unique jingle ensured that the freshness is experienced by the audience. But the brand did not change its position for 25 years. There was a flurry of brand launches during the past 10 years and Liril was sleeping all the time † may be resting on the laurel. Liril tried to introduce the Icy mint variant very late and that too with a different jingle and imagery.But it did not work and the product failed. Canada Dry was launched in India in 1995. The brand, from Cadbury Schweppes, was a highly popular brand of soft drinks across the globe. The brand has positioned itself as champagne and the taste was different and refreshing. The brand was also promoted heavily in various media. The ad featuring the snow and tiger brings back the nostalgia about this brand. The brand was positioned as a premium cold drink. But alas; the brand did not last too long in the market.In 1999 CocaCola took over the beverages business of Cadbury Schweppes and like GoldSpot and Limca. Coke killed this brand. The only reason for Coke to kill these brands was to make way for Coke's original brands. Vanilla Coke was touted as the greatest innovation since Diet Coke in 1983. Vanilla Coke was promoted in retro style. The brand had Vivek Oberoi , the then Bollywood flame endorsing the brand in an unusual style. Vivek sported the retro look with typical combination of Elvis style plus Shammi Kapoor style in an Old Lamby Scooter screaming Wakaw.The ads were surely clutter breaking and backed by 360 degree branding efforts that ensured good publicity. The brand also got into viral marketing. But the brand failed due to either bad taste or premium pricing. The failure of Vanilla Coke is a classic case that proves that Marketing is not a perfect science. There is no formula or theory that can make a brand successful. To Quote Kotler â€Å"Marketing is easy to teach and understand but difficult to practice†. Marketing Product Failure Research Kelvinator which ruled Indian refrigerator industry but it lost its place because it fell into a cobweb of ownership issues. Whirlpool did not invest in Kelvinator since it had the rights to the brand only till 1997. So during these years, Whirlpool harvested Kelvinator while developing its own brand. When the brand came back to its original owner, Electrolux did not had the money to build this baby. In 2005, Kelvinator was killed. One brand which failed only due to wrong marketing strategy is Liril.When the brand was launched the Liril girl became the talk of the town. Liril was positioned on the freshness platform right from its birth. The girl and the waterfall with the unique jingle ensured that the freshness is experienced by the audience. But the brand did not change its position for 25 years. There was a flurry of brand launches during the past 10 years and Liril was sleeping all the time † may be resting on the laurel. Liril tried to introduce the Icy mint variant very late and that too with a different jingle and imagery.But it did not work and the product failed. Canada Dry was launched in India in 1995. The brand, from Cadbury Schweppes, was a highly popular brand of soft drinks across the globe. The brand has positioned itself as champagne and the taste was different and refreshing. The brand was also promoted heavily in various media. The ad featuring the snow and tiger brings back the nostalgia about this brand. The brand was positioned as a premium cold drink. But alas; the brand did not last too long in the market.In 1999 CocaCola took over the beverages business of Cadbury Schweppes and like GoldSpot and Limca. Coke killed this brand. The only reason for Coke to kill these brands was to make way for Coke's original brands. Vanilla Coke was touted as the greatest innovation since Diet Coke in 1983. Vanilla Coke was promoted in retro style. The brand had Vivek Oberoi , the then Bollywood flame endorsing the brand in an unusual style. Vivek sported the retro look with typical combination of Elvis style plus Shammi Kapoor style in an Old Lamby Scooter screaming Wakaw.The ads were surely clutter breaking and backed by 360 degree branding efforts that ensured good publicity. The brand also got into viral marketing. But the brand failed due to either bad taste or premium pricing. The failure of Vanilla Coke is a classic case that proves that Marketing is not a perfect science. There is no formula or theory that can make a brand successful. To Quote Kotler â€Å"Marketing is easy to teach and understand but difficult to practice†.

Essay on Enzymes Ph and Hydrogen Peroxide

Essay on Enzymes Ph and Hydrogen Peroxide Essay on Enzymes: Ph and Hydrogen Peroxide Investigating a factor that affects the rate if enzyme activity S(a) Possible Independent Variables * Concentration of substrate – different concentrations of the substrate can have an effect on the rate of reaction due to more particles in the solution therefore increasing chance of the particles colliding. * pH – different pH levels can have an effect on the rate of reaction due to the interference of bonds that hold the enzyme together in the active site. Therefore the specific substrate will not fit into the active site * Temperature - the temperature can have an effect on the rate of reaction. This is because when a substance is heated the particles will move faster therefore increasing the chance of collisions between the particles. * Concentration of enzyme – different concentrations of the enzyme can have an effect on the rate of reaction due to more particles in the solution therefore increasing the chance of the particles colliding. * Source of catalase – depending on the source of catalase you are using can also have an effect on the rate of reaction. There are many different sources of catalase such as potato, liver and spinach. Depending on which source you are using for your catalase can produce different results. I have chosen to investigate the effect of changing the concentration of enzyme on the rate of catalase activity. I have chosen this independent variable because it will be easy to monitor and change considering that the experiment is kept as fair as possible. It is also easy to measure with the equipment that is available to us. Hypothesis I predict using the information researched that the rate of reaction for the enzyme will be directly proportional to the enzyme concentration. I think the optimum rate of reaction will depend on the enzyme concentration. This is because enzymes can only react with a specific amount of substrate at a given amount of time. Therefore if you were to decrease the amount of enzyme concentration then the reaction would take longer. This is due to the fact that there will not enough particles to react with the substrate. For example if I put in 2g of potato then the reaction will be slower than if I put in 20g, which will then react faster. Variables Independent Concentration of enzyme Dependent Volume of oxygen (cm3) Control * Volume of hydrogen peroxide (cm3) * Volume of pH buffer solution (cm3) * Temperature of water in the tray * Time (seconds) It is important that all the control variables of the experiment are kept the same. This is to ensure that all of the results are accurate and reliable, and that any changes to the enzyme are caused by the change of the concentration of enzyme and no other factors. This will help to make the experiment a fair test. S(b) Equipment list * Potatoes – This is the source of the catalase enzyme. It is important that each sample is taken from the same potato to avoid any variation in catalase levels due to different potatoes. We will be using diced potatoes. This will make it easier to adjust when measuring for the concentration. It will also break open the cells, which releases more enzyme and will speed up the rate of reaction. * Hydrogen Peroxide – This is the solution we will be using as the substrate for the catalase. The volume of solution we use will be the same each time. * Safety Goggles and Lab Coats – this is to make sure that we protects our eyes and clothes from the hydrogen peroxide and the pH buffers. This is because hydrogen peroxide is a bleaching agent. * Buffer Solutions – These are the pH buffers that we will be using. We will be using the level 7 buffer solutions each time. * Boiling Tubes – The size and depth of the boiling tube will be kept the same so that the volume of solution will not vary each time we do the experiment. * Delivery Tube – The delivery tube will be used to transfer the oxygen in to the measuring cylinder

Free Essays on The Shifting Heart

The Shifting Heart ¡Ã‚ ¨ This play  ¡Ã‚ §The Shifting Heart ¡Ã‚ ¨ was set in 1950s, in a community where many people did not accept any migrants. The main, theme of this play shows Bianchi family moved to Australia from Italy and how the issues raised regarding to lifestyles in Australia. The racial discrimination was one of the major issues Bianchi family faced since they moved to Australia. For example, Mr. Wilson who works at the s ¡Ã‚ §hop, thinks it is amusing to call Mrs. Bianchi, Momma Macaroni. This sees it as discrimination and it is an insult and prejudice. And in Act 1, Momma does not see the other neighbours actions as humorous and retaliates by blocking the sewer with stinking fish. And also there are people who throw rubbish. People do this rather than speak to Momma. They have never spoken for eight years since Bianchi family came to Australia. This because neighbours are obviously jealous that the Bianchi own their home through their hard work, and still other neighbours have to pay for their rant. However, this play reveals that the attitudes in today ¡Ã‚ ¦s Australia towards migrants have changed significantly. They are more migrants in Australia compared to back in 1950s. Australia is a multicultural society, which is entirely populated by migration. In the past, people from all other continents migrated to Australia in response to economic opportunity and the need for labour or left in times of drought, depression and two world wars. After World War II, Australia was in need of skilled and labour population for development. At present, 150 different nationalities and 90 different languages are represented in the society. Those people who belong to Non-English speaking background, constitute a large portion of Australian population. Australia is multicultural nation. Australian government discourages any kind of discrimination in workplace, educational institutions and public places. There are anti-di... Free Essays on The Shifting Heart Free Essays on The Shifting Heart The Shifting Heart ¡Ã‚ ¨ This play  ¡Ã‚ §The Shifting Heart ¡Ã‚ ¨ was set in 1950s, in a community where many people did not accept any migrants. The main, theme of this play shows Bianchi family moved to Australia from Italy and how the issues raised regarding to lifestyles in Australia. The racial discrimination was one of the major issues Bianchi family faced since they moved to Australia. For example, Mr. Wilson who works at the s ¡Ã‚ §hop, thinks it is amusing to call Mrs. Bianchi, Momma Macaroni. This sees it as discrimination and it is an insult and prejudice. And in Act 1, Momma does not see the other neighbours actions as humorous and retaliates by blocking the sewer with stinking fish. And also there are people who throw rubbish. People do this rather than speak to Momma. They have never spoken for eight years since Bianchi family came to Australia. This because neighbours are obviously jealous that the Bianchi own their home through their hard work, and still other neighbours have to pay for their rant. However, this play reveals that the attitudes in today ¡Ã‚ ¦s Australia towards migrants have changed significantly. They are more migrants in Australia compared to back in 1950s. Australia is a multicultural society, which is entirely populated by migration. In the past, people from all other continents migrated to Australia in response to economic opportunity and the need for labour or left in times of drought, depression and two world wars. After World War II, Australia was in need of skilled and labour population for development. At present, 150 different nationalities and 90 different languages are represented in the society. Those people who belong to Non-English speaking background, constitute a large portion of Australian population. Australia is multicultural nation. Australian government discourages any kind of discrimination in workplace, educational institutions and public places. There are anti-di...

Health Care Fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health Care Fair - Essay Example People are either self-motivated or needs external motivation in every job / career. Therefore, it is important to ask individuals for what is going to be their source of motivation (Carpenito-Moyet, 2006). What are the reasons for choosing this career, and are these reasons extrinsic or extrinsic? It  will help clear many things regarding the personality and nature of that individual. The field of healthcare is undergoing some difficulties and challenges. In this regard what role can you play, and how can you contribute towards the betterment of the quality of the services in the healthcare industry? In any profession, a person might come across various issues / incidents / scenarios in which he or she has to act in a vigilant manner (Nursing Careers, 2014). For this reason every person who thinks of adopting nursing as a career should be prepared so that they can efficiently respond to them. Furthermore every person has his / her perspective and adopts some specific approach towards life and how he deals his everyday routine. It is obvious that nurses have a key function of taking care of the patients however it is important to know in what they are looking after them and what strategies they are adopting (Carpenito-Moyet, 2006). Furthermore it is also important to know their approach as sometimes they might also panic and that can endanger and risk the lives of their patients. It is understood that nurses are meant to be caring and helping. These individuals are self-driven towards humanity and public care. It is important to know that there is no forceful element behind their decision and that they are happy with their decision. It should be noted that sometimes most of the individuals are not happy with their careers and are simply doing for money or because of unemployment. This reason contributed towards the increase in patient care and its overall quality (Carpenito-Moyet, 2006). In order to figure out whether the individuals are

Television Interview with Bill Mckibben Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Television Interview with Bill Mckibben - Essay Example Human being shave not left the earth alone. They are carrying out activities that may significantly change not only the earth but also its climate. In this regard, carbon dioxide has been recognized as the main culprit. In fact, the single activity that would be most likely to have a significant impact on climatic conditions is burning of gas, oil, coal and other fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are made up of carbon and therefore burning them would produce carbon dioxide. Since the early 19th century, when the burning of fossil fuels in large quantities began, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased by more than thirty percent. This has led to an increase in global temperatures from 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit. While this may appear to be a minor and even inconsequential increase in temperatures, it has had devastating effects. Numerous books, journals, essays and magazines have been written to this effect and an equally large number of propositions made on how to salv age the situations to save planet earth or even mitigate the effects. No other book captures more graphically the grim picture pertaining to climate change as Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet, by Bill McKibben. The following is an excerpt of a television interview in which Bill McKibben talks about the book in particular and climate change in general. With him is a panel of media pundits (Stanley who is hosting the show, Joyce and Craig) and Richard (from Africa), all bound to express their views on the issue as well. Stanley: Bill, thank you for honoring our invitation and welcome to this show. Quite a lot has been said about climate change and your book has extensively touched on the issue. Please enlighten us on the views expressed in the book. Bill: Thank you Stanley. As you have said, climatic changes have been a major concern more so in the recent times. While most of our governments are flirting with the issue, it is important to acknowledge that the implications o f climate change and global warming are quite severe. Look at the changes that have been experienced in many parts of the world. The environmental news has actually deteriorated. Have we not seen ice caps vanishing, oceans acidifying and crops failing more than we have ever seen in the past? Can our forefathers recognize this earth if they were to rise from their graves? I doubt that. We are no longer living in planet earth as they knew it but rather Eaarth. Unfortunately all this has been caused by insensitive human activity. Craig: With all due respect Bill, don’t you think we are overlooking quite a number of things in this respect. I definitely agree that there has been a significant rise in the temperatures as to cause all those things that you have talked of. However, it is important to acknowledge that we know very little about the environment, pertaining to its history, its current state or even how we can protect and conserve it. The debate that we hold actually over states the level of existing knowledge as well as its certainty. Of course I agree that carbon dioxide levels are increasing in the atmosphere and human activity is actually the main culprit. However, how can you be sure that this is the cause of increase in temperature and the consequent changes while we are in the middle of a natural trend of global warming that kicked of around mid 19th century just when we were emerging from the â€Å"Little Ice Age†

Why is there such an abundant use of irony in poe's the cask of Essay

Why is there such an abundant use of irony in poe's the cask of amontillado What thematic purposes does it serve - Essay Example The main character, Fortunato, is portrayed as an important and cultured man. His name can be interpreted as "the man of fortune", but the irony is that he is faced with bad luck to have wronged a man with a deathless memory and a commitment to "not only punish, but punish with impunity" (Poe 848). The irony is that Poe does not tell readers the exact offense he has committed, and can make no evaluation upon whether Montressor's revenge is justifiable. "Revenge is a dish best served cold" (Poe 541).Readers cannot analyze and evaluate Montressor's right for revenge. An abundant use of irony is evident in contrasting characters of Fortunato and Montressor. Poe does not directly state that Fortunato is nave or Montressor is a very cunning man. Readers can guess and predict that these characteristics are probably true. Fortunato's ability to assess and judge situations accurately is questioned at the beginning of the story when he insists upon leaving his family and friends to descend into a damp wine vault in order to answer Montressor's challenge at judging the worth of a cask of wine. Montressor describes: "Putting on a mask of black silk, and drawing a roquelaire closely about my person, I suffered him to hurry me to my palazzo" (Poe 848). His pride is great and he feels he alone is capable of making this evaluation; he pays a terrible price for this arrogance. The uniqueness of the short story is that Poe links two stylistic devices: humor and acute irony which leads to change from what is expected. As the two men proceed along toward Fortunato's ultimate resting place, Montressor's sarcastic remarks and exclamation add ironic details and black humor. He asks Fortunato about his health and long life, reveals his mason trowel when Fortunato mentions that he is a member of the secret Mason society, plays with the Fortunato by telling him that he intends to provide him "all the little attentions in my power" (Poe 852). Also, the irony is that Fortunato is dressed in the suit of a clown to join in the celebration of carnival. This detail gives some hints to readers about true nature and personality of this character. The irony is evident in the setting of the story. During the carnival season, Montresor encounters Fortunato and reports that he has purchased some Amontillado. It was about dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival season, that I encountered my friend. He accosted me with excessive warmth, for he had been drinking much" (Poe 846). Fortunato becomes anxious to sample the wine in question and deliver an opinion as to its merits; so he is easily led into a niche where he is fettered with chains and immured by Montresor, who has both a trowel and some fresh mortar handy. Fortunato, who has been drinking and coughing, quickly becomes sober and begs to be released, but to no avail. An abundant use of irony is evident when Poe unveils life and destiny of Montressor. Through this character, Poe's portrays a fanatical person who has spent the best part of his life first planning and then executing the murder of Fortunato. Fifty years later, Montressor is still thinking about the corpse that has been quietly

The Flower of Services for Gleneagles Hospital Essay Example for Free

The Flower of Services for Gleneagles Hospital Essay Gleneagles hospital Kuala Lumpur provides clear information about direction to service site on the websites. The address of Gleneagles hospital Kuala Lumpur is No 282 286 Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur. Gleneagles hospital describes the location of the hospital where is located on Embassy Row on the main Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur. The hospital location is central and easily accessible by the inner ring roads of Jalan Tun Razak and Jalan Ampang; the MRR (middle ring road) and AKLEH (Ampang-Kuala Lumpur Elevated Highway) by cars taxis or buses. Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur is near to Jelatek stop of Putra LRT station, it take less than 5 minutes by taxi to the hospital. The location map provided on the official website of Gleneagles. Gleneagles also provide information of regular visiting hours run from 9am to 10 pm. The visiting hours for Intensive Care (ICU) / Coronary Unit (CCU) / High Dependency Units (HDU) is 9. 00am to 2. 00 pm and 4. 00pm to 8. 00 pm. Gleneagles operates 24 hour daily for accident and emergency on the ground floor of the hospital. Gleneagles list out the price of executive screening programme such as basic screening for male and female is RM423, comprehensive screening for male and female is RM920, premium plus screening for male is RM1217, premium plus screening for female is RM 1364, etc. Gleneagles also provide information of prices for women wellness programme such as basic gynaecological screening cost RM115, breast screening cost RM192, etc. Gleneagles remind the customer to bring the following items to ensure a smooth admission: * passport/ identity card health insurance card and written letter of guarantee from health insurance company if the person is covered by insurances * doctor’s referral note, past or present medical records, x-rays, or prior test results (if the person physician has requested them) * Medications that have been prescribed to the person * A copy of your advance directives (if any) Gleneagles give warning to visitors, do not send flower to patient in ICU because ICU is a sterile place and should be kept free from possible contaminant. Order-taking The patients can book an appointment with Gleneagles through official website of Gleneagles. The patient need to fill in their particulars such as nationality, patient’s name, gender, date of birth, NRIC / Passport number, telephone number, mobile number, fax number, e-mail address, and patient’s current medical conditions / symptoms / diagnosis . The patient also needs to fill in preferred appointment period and time slot either morning or afternoon sessions. Lastly, Gleneagles require the person who book an appointment answers a question for additional information for Gleneagles and Gleneagles require these information to process the customer request. After complete fill in the details, the customer click submit button, the appointment is successfully book. Billing Gleneagles deliver the bill for individual who do medical services at their hospital. The bill contains information address of Gleneagles, bill number, bill date/time, bill prepared by who, account number, credit term and contact number. The bill also state clearly about the medical service charge such as charge for bed, CSSD, cath lab, medical record, laboratory, pharmacy, medical/surgery supply, equipment charge, nursing and doctor consultation / procedure charge. Payment The patients can make payment at registration counter when check out from hospital by using credit or debit card. Pre-payment is required for all check-up programs. Gleneagles also accept the cash for the payment and changes will give back to the customer for overpayment. The patient also can make payment for medical service provided through online to Gleneagles Hospital Kuala Lumpur SDN. BHD. cross account. For self-paying patients, 1. 5 percent interest will be charged per month is the amount due after 30 days. Gleneagles charge parking fee for the vehicles park inside the hospital. Gleneagles using machine at entry gate for gives the parking ticket to the driver who want parking inside the hospital. Therefore, the visitors and patient parking inside Gleneagles need pay the parking fee by insert cash into machine in order to drive out from the hospital.

Animal Farm: The Animals Bad Memories Essay example -- Animal Farm Ess

Animal Farm: The Animals' Bad Memories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost all the animals had a very bad memory so they were not able to remember things of major signifigance. After a little while the pigs would mention the past and the animals would not remember what had happened so they would agree with the pigs. The the battle of cowshed, snowball was a very herioic animal in that battle but Neapolean said that that was not true that there memory had deceived them, that snowball was just trying to get them to trust him because he was in connection with Mr. Jones. Also the pigs had changed the commandments. When the animals saw the commandments when they have been changed the pigs convinced them that they were wrong. So even though some animals knew how to read they would not have remembered very clearly what the commandments really said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pigs where also very convinceing. They were alway able to get out of any situation. The best talker of all the pigs was Squaler. He was always able to convince that animals that what every they had done the do for the good of all the animals and not just for themselves. Just like when the pigs had taken the milk and apples for themselves, they said that they only took it was because they needed it and that if they did not have it they would not be able to help operate the farm, he also added that the pigs did not actually like the milk and apples but they had to eat it. They rest of the animals believ...

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research papers

One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest The significance of the title can be interpreted in this quote. The story is about a struggle in a psychiatric ward, where many “cuckoos'; reside, “Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, she’s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts ‘em in pens… wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flock… one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo’s nest… O-U-T spells out… goose swoops down and plucks you out.'; This is where the title comes from, the cuckoo’s nest being the psychiatric ward and McMurphy being the goose who plucks “you'; out. The author of this book is Ken Kesey, also author of Demon Box and Sometimes a Great Notion. Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado. He graduated from the University of Oregon, and later studied a Stanford. Kesey was head of a group called The Merry Pranksters, who traveled around the country staging happenings. Kesey’s playful attitude is reflected in the main character, McMurphy, who is often pulling pranks in the psychiatric ward. The oppression of society is a big theme in the novel. The narrator (Chief Bromden) often reflects on how the Combine is taking over. The Big Nurse is never happy unless there is complete order in her ward. She often holds group meetings, in which she belittles her patients to where they are merely rabbits, and not men. Often, when a patient would act inflammatory, she would place him in Disturbed. There was always the threat of Electro-shock therapy, and even lobotomy. The only way to get out of the ward was if you gave up your personality and conformed to her rules. Most of the patients who are in the ward were forced there because of the oppression they faced outside of the hospital. Chief Bromden’s father was the chief of his village. The government was trying to push him off his land, and although he tried to maintain his way of life, his people were being bribed, and his wife would work on him too, until all he became was a drunk, inept man. Harding (another patient) comm itted himself because he couldn’t take society’s forefinger pointing at him, whilst millions chanted, “Shame, shame, shame!'; Even at the climax of the novel, McMurphy wasn’t acting on his own. “We could... ...night, have to crawl around on my hands and knees feeling underneath the springs till I find my gobs of gum stuck there. Nobody complains about the fog. I know why, now; as bad as it is, you can slip back I it and fell safe. That’s what McMurphy can’t understand, us wanting to be safe. He keeps trying to drag us out of the fog, out in the open where we’d be easy to get.'; – Chief Bromden commenting on the fog. This quote illustrates the fog, which symbolizes confusion and naivete of the patients. Ignorance is bliss to these people and it’s hard for McMurphy to understand that. “Old Rawler. Cut both his nuts off and bled to death, sitting right on the can in the latrine, half a dozen people with him didn’t know it till he fell off to the floor, dead. What makes people so impatient is what I can’t figure; all the guy had to do was wait.'; – Chief Bromden reflecting on the dead guy. This quote helps set the mood for the novel and many of the patients. They seem to possess a prison-like attitude, with scorn and cynicism. It also shows that the ward is not a nice place to live; kind of depressing.

Database: Entity-relationship Model

Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Il-Yeol Song and Kristin Froehlich College of Information Science and Technology Drexel University Philadelphia, PA 19104 Abstract The Entity-Relationship (ER) model and its accompanying ER diagrams are widely used for database design and Systems Analysis. Many books and articles just provide a definition of each modeling component and give examples of pre-built ER diagrams.Beginners in data modeling have a great deal of difficulty learning how to approach a given problem, what questions to ask in order to build a model, what rules to use while constructing an ER diagram, and why one diagram is better than another. In this paper, therefore, we present step-by-step guidelines, a set of decision rules proven to be useful in building ER diagrams, and a case study problem with a preferred answer as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the problem.Database Management System a nd DataThe guidelines and decision rules have been successfully used in our beginning Database Management Systems course for the last eight years. The case study will provide readers with a detailed approach to the modeling process and a deeper understanding of data modeling. Introduction Entity relationship diagrams (ERD) are widely used in database design and systems analysis to represent systems or problem domains. The ERD was introduced by Chen (1976) in early 1976. Teorey, Yang, and Fry (1986) present an extended ER model for relational database design.The ERD models a given problem in terms of its essential elements and the interactions between those elements in a problem domain. The ERD can serve as the basis for databases, which store data about the problem domain, and which use, manipulate, and constrain that data. Experts in systems analysis and database design are adept at identifying user requirements and then translating them into corresponding components of the model. Many books and articles just provide a definition of each modeling component and give examples of pre-built ER diagrams. Beginners in data modeling have a great eal of difficulty learning how to approach a given problem, what questions to ask in order to build a model, what rules to use while constructing an ER diagram, and why one diagram is better than another. 213 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Ahrens and Song (1991) present a set of requirements elicitation template sentences, structured English template sentences, and some decision rules for database modeling. This paper presents a set of heuristic rules which improve upon those presented by Ahrens and Song (1991), together with a detailed case study analysis.We include step-by-step guidelines, a set of decision rules proven to be useful in building ER diagrams, and a case study problem with a preferred answer as well as a set of incorrect diagrams for the problem. These guidelines and decision ru les have been successfully used in our beginning Database Management Systems course for the last eight years. The case study will provide readers with a detailed approach to the modeling process and a deeper understanding of data modeling. The Entity-Relationship Diagram The entity relationship diagram is a graphical representation of a conceptual structure of a problem domain being modeled.The ERD assists the database designer in identifying the data and the rules that will be represented and used in a database. The ERD is an implementation-independent representation of a problem domain and it facilitates communication between the end-user and the analyst. ERDs can be easily converted into a logical database structure that can be readily implemented in a particular commercial database management system. The basic components of the ERD are entities, properties of entities called attributes, and relationships between entities. Entities Entities are PRIMARY THINGS of a problem domain about which users need to record data.Ross (1988) provides a list of candidate entity types which could be included in the model. (1) People: humans who carry out some function Employees, Students, Customers (2) Places: sites or locations Cities, Offices, Routes (3) Things: tangible physical objects Equipment, Products, Buildings (4) Organizations Teams, Suppliers, Departments (5) Events: things that happen to some other entity at a given date and time or as in an ordered sequence Employee promotions, Project phases, Account payments (6) Concepts: intangible ideas used to keep track of business or other activities Projects, Accounts, Complaints 214 stepsAppendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling These candidate entity types need to be evaluated against a particular domain being modeled. Some decision rules are discussed in a later section of this paper. Attributes Attributes are properties of entities or relationships. Entities have two types of properties: identi fying attributes and descriptive attributes. Identifying attributes uniquely determine each instance of an entity type. They are called entity identifiers or keys. For example, the attribute social security number would uniquely identify each member or instance of the entity type student.Descriptive attributes of student might include year, advisor, and grade point average. Each instance of an entity has a value for each attribute. Values for grade point average might include 2. 5, 3. 45, and 4. 0. Values for year might include 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Only attributes that are meaningful in terms of modeling the problem under consideration are included in the ERD. For example, we would not include eye color in a student database. Relationships Relationships are another basic component of the ERD. A relationship is an association between or among things or entities.A relationship describes a meaningful interaction that needs to be remembered by the system. The degree of a relation ship indicates how many entities are participating in the relationship. A unary relationship describes an association of an entity with itself. A binary relationship, the most common instance, describes an association between two entities. A ternary (or n-ary ) relationship is an association between three or more entities. The ER methods that allow only unary and binary relationships are called binary models, while ER methods that allow any type of relationship are called n-ary models.For more thorough treatment of ternary relationships, see Jones and Song (1995, 1996) and Song and Jones (1995). Cardinality and Participation Constraints Cardinality is a constraint on the relationship between two entities. Specifically, the cardinality constraint expresses the maximum number of entities that can be associated with another entity via a relationship. For example, in a binary relationship (a relationship with two participating entities), we can have three possible cardinalities: oneto-o ne (1:1), one-to-many (1:N), or many-to-many (M:N).One-to-one cardinality says that, for entities customer and account, one customer can have at most one account and one account cannot be owned by more than one customer. One-to-many cardinality says that one customer can have many accounts, but one account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Many-to-many cardinality says that one customer can have many accounts and one account may be owned by many customers. 215 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Participation is also a relationship constraint.Participation expresses the minimum number of entities that can be associated with another entity via a relationship. There are two values for participation: total or mandatory participation and partial or optional participation. If every instance of an entity must participate in a given relationship then that entity has total participation in the relationship. But if every instance need not participate in a g iven relationship then the participation of that entity in the relationship is partial. Given the relationship employee works for epartment, an employee has partial participation in that relationship if he or she need not work for a department. An employee has total participation in the relationship if he or she must work for at least one department. Similarly, a department has partial participation in the relationship if it can exist without having any employees. A department has total participation in the relationship if it must have at least one employee. Cardinality and participation constraints are business rules in the problem domain being modeled. These constraints represent the way one entity type is associated with another entity type.These constraints are also integrity constraints because they help to ensure the accuracy of the database. These constraints limit the ways in which data from different parts of the database can be associated. For example, let's say the cardin ality of the relationship between Customer and Account is one-to-one, as in Figure 1(a) below. If customer C1 is associated with account A3, then C1 cannot be associated with any other accounts and A3 cannot be associated with any other customers. 216 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling (a) One – to – One (1:1):One customer can have at most one account. One account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Customer 1 CA 1 Account ER Diagram C1 C2 C3 A1 A2 A3 Occurrence Diagram (b) One – to – Many (1:n): One customer can have many accounts. One account cannot be owned by more than one customer. Customer 1 C1 C2 C3 CA n A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Account ER Diagram Occurrence Diagram (c) Many – to – Many (n:m): One customer can have many accounts. One account may be owned by many customers. Customer n C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 CA m A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Account ER Diagram Occurrence Diagram Figure 1.CARDINALITY: The expression of the maximum numb er of entities that can be associated to another entity via a relationship. Occurrence Diagrams show the relationships between occurrences or instances of each entity. 217 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Taxonomy in ER Modeling In an ER model, an entity is represented as a rectangle containing the name of the entity. The names of attributes are enclosed in an oval connected to the rectangle of the entity they describe. Attributes may be omitted from the diagram to avoid cluttering it and also in the early stages of development.Relationships are represented by diamonds between entities. The notation of the ERD, however, varies according to the modeling approach used. Binary models do not use the diamond to indicate a relationship, do not represent attributes of relationships, and do not allow ternary relationships, that is, relationships between three or more entities. Martin (1989), Bachman (1992), ERWin and IDEF1X (Bruce, 1992) use the binary modeling approach. Most text books use n-ary modeling, including Elmasri and Navathe (1994), Hawryszkiewycz (1991), Teorey (1994), Batini, Ceri and Navathe (1992), and McFadden and Hoffa (1994).A few notations are illustrated below. n Employee 1 Department a) Chen Employee Department b) Teorey n Employee 1 Department c) Elmasri ; Navathe Employee (0,1) works_for is_worked_for Employee works_for Employee p ——————–works_for Employee c has (1,n) Department d) MERISE Employee Department e) IE Department f) Bachman Department g) IDEF1X Department h) Shlaer & Mellor Figure 2. Various notations for ER Diagram representing â€Å"one employee works for zero or one department and one department has one or more employees†. 218 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship ModelingEach diagram in Figure 2 contains two entities: employee and department. In diagrams a, b, c, and d, the diamond indicates the relationship between the entities. T hese diagrams use n-ary modeling. Diagrams e through h are examples of binary modeling. They do not represent the relationship with the diamond shape. Instead, diagrams e, f, and h label the line between the entities with the relationship name. Attributes were not represented in the diagrams for simplicity. The various circles, lines, arrows, and letters on the diagram indicate cardinality and participation constraints.For a more complete treatment of various ER modeling methods, see Song, Evans, and Park (1995). ER Modeling How does one begin creating an entity relationship diagram? In this paper, we present step-by-step guidelines to build an ERD using n-ary modeling using Elmasri and Navathe's notation (see 2. c). In Table 1, we summarize a sequence of steps of database design using an ER model. Note that these steps are iterative. 1. Understand the problem domain. Analyze database requirements. †¢Write a summary specification in English, if not created yet. †¢What do w e need to store into the database? What queries and reports do we need to generate? †¢ What are important people, places, physical things, organizations, events and abstract concepts in the organization? 2. Design a conceptual schema by creating an ER diagram. (a) Identify entity types. Assign a singular noun to each entity type. (b) Identify relationships between (among) entities. Use a meaningful verb for a relationship name. (c) Draw an ERD without attributes. (d) Identify relationship cardinalities. †¢Mapping constraint (1:1, 1:N, N:M) †¢Participation constraint (Total, Partial) (e) Assign attributes to entity types and relationship types.Usually attributes come from nouns, adjectives or adverbs. (f) Select identifiers (primary keys) for entity types. †¢Weak entity: composite primary key. †¢Regular entity: choose/create a single attribute primary key. (g) Select the PKs of relationships. †¢If 1:1, then the PK of either side entity type may be select ed. †¢If 1:N, then the PK of N-side entity type must be selected. †¢ If M:N, then a composite PK consisting of PKs of two entity types must be used. †¢ If ternary, then a composite PK consisting of the PKs of at least two entity types.The actual PKs selected will vary depending on the cardinality. 3. Design a logical schema. (a) Translate the ERD into a relational schema 219 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling †¢If a relationship cardinality is likely to be changed; use stable method. †¢If a relationship cardinality is not likely to be changed; use mapped method. †¢ If a relationship cardinality is not likely to be changed and null values of foreign keys are significant; use mapped with total/partial method. (b) Check normalization (at least 3NF). (c) Create data dictionaries. A schema table †¢One table for each relation created in step (a) – Assign a domain type for each attribute. – Explain the meaning of a ttributes, if not intuitive. – Note other values such as range, null, PK, FK, indexed, source, owner (d) Do database prototyping & modify the design if necessary. (e) Summarize the design assertion (integrity, security). 4. Verify the design with users. Iterate the steps, if necessary. Table 1. Steps to DB Design Using ER Modeling First, it is important to study the problem domain at hand. Analyze database requirements.Write a summary paragraph for the problem domain, considering what data need to be stored and what queries and reports need to be processed. All the information necessary for the identified queries and reports must be included in the summary paragraph. Revise the summary paragraph considering database requirements. Second, from the summary paragraph, find nouns. They are candidates for entity types. To determine whether a noun should be designated as an entity, the following decision rules may be applied. Rule 1 Every entity type should be important in its own right within the problem domain.Rule 2 IF an object type (noun) has only one property to store THEN it is an attribute of another entity type ELSE it is an entity type. Rule 3 IF an object type has only one data instance THEN do not model as an entity type. Rule 4 IF a relationship needs to have a unique identifier 220 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling THEN model it as an entity type. The first three rules are used to evaluate object types or nouns, and the fourth rule is used to evaluate relationships or verbs. Example 1 Address is usually a property of another object type, like customer, vendor, or company.Its existence is less important and not meaningful in its own right within the problem domain. Address should be modeled as an attribute. Example 2 Suppose we are modeling the customers of a company and we want to include the city where each customer resides. If the name of the city is its only attribute, then, following Rule 2, model city as an attri bute not an entity. Similarly, consider the case of modeling employees and their departments. If the only important property of the department is its name, then Rule 2 tells us to model it as an attribute.However, if we need to store additional properties of each department such as projects or total sales, then we should consider modeling it as an entity. Example 3 Consider modeling the activities of a trucking company. Since there is only one instance of the trucking company, then, according to Rule 3, it is not necessary to represent it in our model as an entity. We note that it is not wrong to model this single instance noun as an entity type. We simply do not model it as an entity type at the conceptual level because it does not add any modeling power.We need the fourth rule because one fact can be stated in many different ways in English. In the fourth rule, distinguishing between entities and relationships depends on the function the component plays in the problem domain and h ow data will be stored about it. Example 4 Consider the three statements customer orders products, customer pays bills, and reviewer reviews papers. Even though orders and pays appear to represent relationships, we model them as entities since each instance would need a unique number for identification in real-world situations.Information would be stored in the database for each order and payment. Each review is not likely to need a unique identification number. Instead, we identify each review activity by a combination of Paper# and Reviewer#. Thus, by Rule 4, we model reviews as a relationship type. Once entities have been assigned, we proceed to identify relationship types between those entities. Verbs are useful candidates for relationships. The following question is useful for identifying relationships: â€Å"What sentences can be constructed of the form Entity Verb Entity? † For example, 221Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling †¢Employee ha s children (Existence relationship) †¢Professor teaches students (Functional relationship) †¢Customer places order (Event relationship) Note that a relationship is not an action of a flow of data as in data flow diagrams. They are important interactions, between two or more entities, that need to be remembered by the system. In the above examples, we want to remember the facts that who is a child of which employee, which professor teaches which students, and which customer places which order. Also keep in mind that all relationships are bi-directional.We should be able to state the relationship in both directions. Expressing the relationships above in the opposite direction yields the following statements: †¢ Children belong to employee †¢ Students are taught by professor †¢ Order is placed by customer After an ERD has been built, the following rule can aid in validating the diagram. Rule 5 IF any verb refers to nouns which are not selected as entity types T HEN do not model it as a relationship type. If any verb in the ERD fails to follow Rule 5, then consider it again carefully before including it in the diagram.When entities and relationships have been identified, then the cardinality and participation constraints of the relationships can be analyzed. The following rules can help determine the cardinality and participation constraints for a given binary relationship. A B Rule 6 For each A, what is the maximum number of Bs that may be related to it? Rule 7 IF A can exist without being associated with a B THEN A has partial (optional) participation ELSE A has total (mandatory) participation. 222 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Example 5 Consider the relationship Supplier Supplies Account.For each Supplier, what is the maximum number of Accounts that may be related to it? Let's say that in our problem domain, each Supplier may have many Accounts but each Account may have only one Supplier. By Rule 6, the ca rdinality constraint for Supplier:Account is 1:N or one to many. Figure 1 illustrates the cardinality constraints. Example 6 In determining the participation constraint of Supplier Supplies Account, we follow Rule 7: If Supplier can exist without being associated with Account, THEN Supplier has partial participation, ELSE Supplier has total participation.In our problem domain, Supplier may exist without being associated with Account. Therefore, Supplier has partial participation in the Supply relationship. However, since Account cannot exist without a Supplier; Account has total participation in the Supply relationship. Some basic naming conventions have been established to maintain accuracy and consistency in the database and to avoid redundancy. All entity names should be unique. Use singular nouns in the diagram for both entity and attribute names. Use verbs in the present tense for relationship names. Verbs should be meaningful.For example, avoid verbs like is, has, and do whene ver possible. Additionally, well-defined ERDs should satisfy the following basic rules: †¢ All entities and relationships should be connected. †¢ All entity names should be unique. †¢ Each entity must have at least one relationship. †¢ A relationship cannot be directly connected to another relationship. †¢ Every entity must have at least one unique attribute, which serves to identify each instance of that entity. Case Study The following example will illustrate our guidelines for modeling requirements of the problem domain with entity-relationship diagrams.Using the summary paragraph of the problem description below, we will progress through the steps described above. The nouns in the problem description appear in boldface and the verbs are italicized to aid in the following analysis. Summary Paragraph of Problem Description A database specialist wants to design a part of the database for a small drug store owner as follows: The owner wants to keep track of all the suppliers who supply anything to the store. For each supplier, the owner assigns a unique supplier number, and wants to keep the 223Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling company name, address (number, street, city, state, zip), contact person's name, phone number, fax number, and a comment for each supplier. For each supply activity, an account is established to keep track of the date incurred, the total cost of the activity, due date for payment, outstanding balance after some payments, and any special comments related to the account. For each account, the owner may pay at several different times and in different ways (e. g. , cash, check, credit card).For each payment activity, the owner wants to keep the date of payment, amount of payment, method of payment (check: check number; credit card: credit card name, type, and number). Note that one supplier can supply many times and one payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. Entity Ana lysis After reading and understanding the problem statement, our first step is to identify entities for the ERD. To do that we examine the nouns in the problem statement. Nouns appear in boldface. We test each noun against our four criteria to determine whether or not it should be included as an entity type.Our first noun is owner. Recall that an entity type has more than one instance and more than one property. Since there is only one instance of owner, we do not model it as an entity type. Similarly, there is only one store, so we need not represent store as an entity type. The next noun, supplier, can be classified as an entity type. Several properties of supplier are listed in the problem statement. The statement also refers to more than one supplier. Therefore, according to Rules 1, 2, and 3, we model supplier as an entity.For each supplier, the owner wants to store the following properties in the database: supplier number, company name, contact person, address, phone number, f ax number, and comment. Each of these attributes except address has only one property to store so we model them as attributes. Address has its component properties number, city, state, and zip so one might be tempted to model it as an entity type. However, the role of address as a property of supplier supersedes the fact that address has properties of its own. In other words, address itself without supplier is not important in its own right.Therefore, by Rule 1, we model address as an attribute. Account is the next noun. Account has several properties to be stored in the database: date incurred, total cost, due date, account balance, and comments; and we will store information about numerous accounts. Therefore, we designate account as an entity. Its properties are modeled as attributes of account. Payment is clearly an entity, with multiple instances and various properties. The properties of payment: date of payment, amount of payment, and method of payment, are modeled as its attr ibutes.Cash, check, and credit card appear to be attributes of payment, but actually, they are not attributes themselves, but simply different values for the attribute method of payment. This distinction becomes clearer if we think about 224 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling storing data in the database. For each payment, one of the values cash, check, or credit card will be stored in the location containing data about the method of payment. Check number and credit card name, type and number may be modeled as attributes of Payment. Supplier Account Payment Figure 3. Entities to be included in the ERD.Relationship Analysis Our analysis of nouns in the problem statement has produced three entities: Supplier, Account, and Payment (Figure 3). Keep these entities in mind as we identify relationships between them. Let's examine the verbs in the problem statement as candidates for relationships in the diagram. Verbs appear in italics. Of the verbs in the problem statement: keep track, assigns, supply, established, and pay, only supply and pay are possible candidates for relationships between the entities account, supplier, and payment. Keep track and keep appear several times in the problem statement.These terms refer, not to a relationship between entities, but generally to storing data in the database. In other words, they are used to describe the problem domain, not an interaction that needs to be remembered by the system. Therefore, we do not model them as relationships. Established, in the statement an account is established, is an activity performed by the owner or the system itself. Similarly, owner assigns a unique supplier number reflects an activity by the owner. These two verbs do not represent relationships between any of our three entities. Thus, we are left with the verbs supply and pay.A supplier performs a supply activity. The result of a supply activity is an account. Therefore, a good candidate for the relationship betwee n supplier and account is supply. Stated in both directions, the relationship is Supplier supplies account and account is supplied by supplier. Rule 4 states that if a relationship needs to have a unique identifier, then model it as an entity. Each supply activity is unique, so we may be tempted to model supply as an entity. However, the data for each activity is stored using the entity account, so it is not necessary to create another entity which stores the same information.Each payment credits an account so pay is the relationship between payment and account. Expressing the relationship pay in both directions, we can say account is paid by payment and payment pays account. 225 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling Now we can draw the basic ERD (Figure 4). We include the entities Supplier, Account, and Payment, and the relationships Supply and Pay. Attributes may be added to the diagram at this point or omitted to avoid clutter. Supplier Supply Account Pay Payment Figure 4. ERD without attributes and constraintsAnalysis of Cardinality and Participation Constraints In order to identify the cardinality and participation constraints of each relationship in the ERD, we follow Rules 6 and 7 looking at the relationship first from the point of view of one entity and then from the other entity. In our ERD above, to determine the cardinality constraint of the relationship Supply, we begin by asking, â€Å"For each Supplier, what is the maximum number of Accounts that may be created? † From the problem statement, we know that one supplier can supply many times and an account is established for each supply activity.Viewing the relationship in the other direction, we ask, â€Å"What is the maximum number of Suppliers for which each Account may contain information? † From the problem statement we can assume that each account carries information for a single supplier, since accounts are established for individual supply activities. Th us, for each supplier, there may be many accounts and each account may have only one supplier. The relationship Supplier Supplies Account is a one-to-many relationship. The diagram is marked with a 1 on the side of the relationship Supply nearer to Supplier, and an N (for many) on the side nearer to Account (see Figure 5).To identify the cardinality of the relationship Payment Pays Account, we look at the relationship from both directions. We ask, â€Å"What is the maximum number of Payments we can accept for each Account? † The answer is clearly stated in the problem statement: For each account, the owner may pay at several different times and in different ways. From the opposite direction, â€Å"For each Payment, what is the maximum number of Accounts for which it may pay? † Again, we find the answer in the problem statement: One payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. In sum, each account 226Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Mod eling may receive many payments and each payment may pay for many accounts. Therefore, the relationship Payment Pays Account is many-to-many. This time, we mark our diagram with an M on one side of the relationship Pay and an N on the other side. (Note that the use of M or N is completely arbitrary. ) We go through a similar process to determine the participation constraint of each relationship, looking at the relationship from each direction. For the Supply relationship we ask, â€Å"Can a Supplier exist without generating Accounts? In the other direction, â€Å"Can an Account exist without having Suppliers supply merchandise? † The answers to these questions are not explicit in the problem statement. In a real world situation, the database designers would clarify questions like these with the owner. In this case, we will make assumptions from what we understand about the problem domain. Suppliers are generally fairly stable entities. A company maintains relationships with several regular suppliers regardless of whether they have outstanding accounts. On the other hand, an account is only created when a supplier supplies merchandise.Since suppliers can exist without having current accounts, Supplier has partial participation in the Supply relationship. Accounts, however, depend on suppliers for their existence. Thus, Account has total participation in the Supply relationship. To determine the participation of the entities Payment and Account in the Pay relationship, we ask, â€Å"Can a Payment exist without paying for an Account ? † and â€Å"Can an Account exist without receiving Payments against it? † A payment which pays for nothing is absurd. It cannot exist without an account. An account, however, may exist without receiving payments against it.Therefore, Payment has total participation and Account has partial participation in the relationship Pay. In representing the cardinality and participation constraints described above in our ERD, we will employ Elmasri and Navathe's (1994) notation. If an entity has partial participation in the relationship, then a single line is drawn on the line between that entity and the relationship. A double line indicates total participation. The cardinality constraint is represented by Look Across convention, while participation constraint is represented by Look Here convention.Figure 5 illustrates the final ERD with cardinality and participation constraints. 227 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling 1 Supplier Supply N Account M Pay N Payment Figure 5. ERD with cardinality and participation constraints. Errors in Modeling A common error that novice designers make is failing to recognize the boundaries of a problem domain. They fail to make a distinction between elements that comprise the content of the database and elements that are outside the scope of the database. For example, in the problem statement bove, a novice might want to model the verbs keep track or assigns or established as relationships (see Figure 6(a)). These verbs refer to implementing the database and not to its content. Keep track refers to storing data in the database, established refers to adding an instance of an entity to the database, and assigns refers to giving a value to an attribute of an entity. In deciding which elements to model, it is valuable to keep in mind the real world situation. Novice designers also frequently confuse entities with their attributes or properties, as in Figure 6(b).Occasionally, if properties are complex and play a significant role in the problem domain, then they may be modeled as entities. More often, however, properties of an entity should be modeled as attributes. In our problem statement, a novice user may decide to model address, a property of the entity supplier, as an entity. Modeling Address follows Rules 2 and 3 about identifying entities: it has more than one property and it has more than one occurrence. However, ad dress does not follow Rule1 in that it is not important in its own right.The role of address in the database is more accurate as an attribute of supplier, than as an entity with its own relationships. Other errors are modeling indirect or redundant relationships and inappropriately modeling object types as relationships rather than as entities. Given our problem statement, one may be tempted to model the relationship Payment Pays Supplier as in Figure 6(c) or Supplier Pays Account as in Figure 6(d) rather than Payment Pays Account. Figure 6(c) represents the association between payment and account indirectly. This indirect relationship can only exist after we have all the direct 228Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling relationships as in Figure 5. In this case, the indirect relationship simply becomes redundant. Without the direct relationships, the indirect relationship cannot be added, because it cannot explain how a particular payment is distributed to mu ltiple accounts. Figure 6(d) represents the relationship Pay rather than the entity Payment. In either of these two cases, it is difficult to explicitly represent the fact that one payment can pay for several accounts of the same supplier. We can only tell implicitly by reading the check number for the various payments.If the payment is made in cash, there is no way to identify that it paid for more than one account. If the representation used in Figure 6(d) is used, then the attributes related to payments: date of payment, amount of payment, and method of payment, are now attributes of the relationship Pay. This representation can add unnecessary complexity to the model. Ordinarily, a relationship is uniquely represented by the identifiers of one or more of the entities which participate in it. If the relationship includes a time-dependent attribute like date of payment, then that attribute must also be included in the primary key for that relationship.Additionally, instances of da te of payment and amount of payment will require redundant representation because they will have to be included for each account covered by a payment. Finally, in business practice, each payment activity usually requires a unique identifier. Therefore, following Rule 4, it is more appropriate to model payment as an entity than as a relationship. As an entity, the representation is more straightforward and less likely to include redundant or inaccurate information. 229 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling a) Selection of wrong verb as relationship Owner (b) Attribute as entity Supplier Located_at Address Keeps_track Payment (c) Indirect relationship Payment Pays Supplier Establishes Account (d) Payment as relationship instead of entity Establishes Supplier Pays Account Figure 6. Errors in ERD Modeling. Limitations of Guidelines and Rules Two limitations of our guidelines are that they don't account for incomplete requirements analysis or for ambiguity in the problem description. If the problem description is incomplete, then the resulting analysis based on this approach will also be incomplete.We assume that the analysis is complete. If the problem specification is modified, the analysis and resulting ERD should be modified as well. In English, one concept can be represented in many different ways. For example, we can say that customer orders products or customer places an order to buy products. Order is used 230 Appendix A: A Practical Guide to Entity-Relationship Modeling as a verb in the first sentence and as a noun in the second. We minimize this problem by adopting Rule 4, which states that if a verb needs to have a unique identifier, we model it as an entity type rather than a relationship type.Conclusion We have discussed a set of decision rules which are useful in building ERDs and have illustrated the application of these rules using a single example. ERD constructs discussed here include Entities, Relationships, Attributes, Ca rdinality constraints and Participation constraints. To simplify our discussion, we didn't include other constructs such as Weak Entity, Ternary Relationship, and Generalization/ Specialization. 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